Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd ) Essay

According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services throughout recent years the number of diagnosed cases of childhood ADHD has continued to increase from 7.8 % in 2003, to 9.5% in 2007, 11% in 2011 (US CDC Statistics, 2016) It is estimated now that there are nearly 7 million children throughout The United States of America that have been diagnosed with this disorder. This is a number that has grown rapidly over recent years due in part to the growing research and understanding of the condition and the evolving diagnostic criteria for diagnosis. The American Psychiatric Association currently defines Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as† a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development, has symptoms presenting in two or more settings (e.g. at home, school, or work; with friends or relatives; in other activities), and negatively impacts directly on social, academic or occupational function ing.† (DSM-V, 2013) With such a number of people effected by ADHD, it is surprising to see how uninformed, or at the very least, misinformed, the majority of the population remains concerning the disorder. Identification and Dissection Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is currently the most common childhood psychological disorder in America today. There are a wide variety of opinions from professional and lay person alike on every topic surrounding ADHD there continue to be studiesShow MoreRelatedAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1710 Words   |  7 Pages Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder or ADHD which is often referred to as childhood hyperactivity, it s a severe and chronic disorder for children. It is one of the most prevalent childhood disorders, and affects 3% to 5% of the school-age population. Boys outnumber girls three or more to one. Children with ADHD can experience many behavioral difficulties that often manifest in the form of inattention, being easily distracted, being impulsive, and hyperactivity. As a result, children withRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1744 Words   |  7 PagesI chose to research Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, otherwise known as ADHD, in culture and child development for the following reasons. First, it is important as educators that we understand the difference between restlessness and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in children. Secondly, we must be conscious of the origins of ADHD, how to recognize it, the myths and prejudices against it, and kn ow the most appropriate intervention strategies. Educators must also realize that evenRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1495 Words   |  6 Pagesoccasionally forget to do their homework, get fidgety when they lose interest in an activity, or speak out of turn during class time. But inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are all signs of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD is a neuro-development disorder and can start as early as three years old throughout adulthood. People with ADHD have trouble focusing on tasks and activities, this can have a negative impact on the individual in different ways. It can make the child feelRead MoreAttention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1699 Words   |  7 Pageshas had some difficulty sitting still, paying attention and even controlling impulsive behavior once or twice in our life. For some people, however, the problems that occur slim to none in our life occurs in the lives of theirs every day and interfere with every aspect of their life inclusive of home, academic, social and work. . The interaction of core ADHD symptoms with co-morbid problems and neuropsychological deï ¬ cits suggests that individuals with ADHD are likely to experience problems in academicRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)1259 Words   |  5 PagesAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly found disorder in children in the United States. Statistics show that the male to female ratio for children with ADHD is eight to one. 4.4 million Children between the ages four to seventeen have diagnosed with ADHD (Cheng Tina L et al.). African American children are at a higher risk for having ADHD. Caucasian children are least likely to have ADHD. 2.5 million children receive medication for ADHD, but African American childrenRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1002 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract There are many disorders that are first diagnosed whether it is during infancy, childhood or adolescence. The disorders range from intellectual disabilities, learning disabilities, communication disorders, all the way through to elimination disorders. Attention-deficit and disruptive disorders are the most common. All including AD/HD, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and unspecified disruptive disorder. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is one of the most commonRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1058 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom disorders such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (or ADHD/ADD.) While much is known about these disorders and how they affect the education of children, there are only a few known methods that consistently help an affected child focus and target in on what they need to learn. Medication for children With Attention Deficit (Hyperactivity) Disorder must be used as an aid to help the affected child to focus and comprehend information being presented to them. Children with Attention DeficitRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )978 Words   |  4 Pagesin diagnoses of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children since the 21st century. Per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention the increase has been seen as a difference from, â€Å"7.8% in 2003 to 9.5% in 2007 and to 11.0% in 2011† (p. 4). Many questions arise concerning why the numbers are on the rise, especially when boys are 7.6 percent more likely than girls to receive the diagnosis of ADHD. When should the line be drawn between a disorder, and hyperactivity that comes withRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1552 Words   |  7 PagesATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER Seth was a second grader at West Elementary. He constantly got reprimanded by his teachers for not paying attention in class. He could not understand the information given to him during the school day. He thought he was stupid and useless. But he was not. His parents got him tested by a doctor for ADHD. He is one of many kids in the United States who have been recognized as having it. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a major issue in the educationRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd ) Essay700 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is ADHD? Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) affects almost 10% of American children between 13 and 18 years old, as well as 4% of U.S. adults over 18. Only a licensed mental health professional can provide an ADHD diagnosis, after a thorough evaluation. ADHD has three primary characteristics: Inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Inattentive: Are effortlessly distracted, fail to catch details, are forgetful, and regularly switch activities. Find it difficult to focus

Financial Statement Analysis and Comparison of Kroger and...

ACC 300 FSA Project Ratio Analysis of The Kroger Co. and Whole Foods Market, Inc. TEAM Jake Eriksen (002) Brycen Goldstein (002) 16 Ross Wright (001) Nicolas Kim Omar Harb (001) (002) Kroger The Kroger Co. (referred to as Kroger) is a large grocery chain audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. Kroger ended its FY 2012 on February 2, 2013, FY 2013 on February 1, 2014, and FY 2014 on January 31, 2015 (Saturday nearest January 31). From page 39, we are told that 95% of inventories in 2014 and 2013 were counted using a LIFO costing method, stating the lower of cost or market. However, Kroger’s fuel inventory levels are determined using the FIFO cost method. The company uses the Link-Chain, Dollar-Value†¦show more content†¦On page 40, we are told that Whole Foods uses the straight line method for the depreciation of property and equipment, including depreciation of equipment over useful lives (3-15 years), amortization of leasehold improvements and real estate assets under capital leases, and depreciation of buildings (20-50 years). When assets are retired or disposed, costs and accumulated depreciation are removed from the balance sheet and gains or losses are then reflected in earnings. Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities 1150 Dollars (in millions) 1100 1088 1050 1009 1000 950 920 900 850 800 2014 2013 Year 3 2012 Kroger RATIO Current Ratio EQUATION RESULT 8,911 11,403 = 0.781 Return on Assets (30,556+29,281)/2 Return on Equity Return on Sales 1,728 â„Žâ„Ž †² â„Žâ„Ž â„Ž . # â„Ž (5,442+5,395)/2 1,728 EPS Diluted EPS â„Žâ„Ž â„Ž . â„Ž + 2,070.4 = 0.016 108,465 1,728−17 490 1,711 490+7 = 3.492 = 3.443 /365 (1,266+1,116)/2 Debt to Equity â„Žâ„Ž †² 9,771+1,885 Dividend Payout Inventory Turnover = 0.069 Working backwards from the income tax expense, we estimate income tax rate to be 34%. NOPAT is then Operating profit taxes, or 3,137*(1-0.34) = 0.319 AverageShow MoreRelatedA Comparative Analysis of the Grocery Chains: Whole Foods Market and Kroger Co.4229 Words   |  17 PagesA Comparative Analysis of the Grocery Chains: Whole Foods Market and Kroger Co. Liz Broxton Sharon Neely Joyce White Columbia College Abstract The purpose of this paper is to conduct a comparative analysis of two grocery chains, Whole Foods Market and Kroger Co. Research material obtained from each company will allow judgments to be made concerning potential investment decisions. This study will focus on financial statements such as the income statements, balance sheets and cashRead MoreWhole Foods Market Finance Analysis Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesWhole Foods Market Financial Analysis Whole Foods market generated $8.0 billion in sales in fiscal 2009, an increase of 1.0% over the previous years. Yet in fiscal 2009 same-store sales were down 4.3% over the previous years. Operating income for Whole Foods was $284.3 million in fiscal 2009, up to 20.4% over the previous year. This improvement was largely due to stringent cost-containment measures that Whole Foods put into place in the face of the recession economy. The ratio comparison in tableRead MoreLeading Whole Foods With a Competitive Advantage2480 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction To most consumers Whole Foods is known as a chain grocery store specializing in organic and natural foods. Some may go as far as say the name is synonymous with quality. This comparison is the result of Whole Foods’ marketing their brand successfully to consumers demanding their specialized foods. As with any organization, Whole Foods may consider evaluating their strategic objectives and decide if necessary course corrections are needed to reach their objectives and goals. ThroughRead MoreAssignment 1-Financial Research Report4589 Words   |  19 PagesAssignment 1-Financial Research Report FIN 534: Financial Management Hannah Fox Dr. Dana Leland August 30, 2015 The U.S. publicly traded company that I have selected is Kroger. Kroger is a grocery retail chain in the US. It operates supermarkets and multi-department stores under a number of banners including Kroger, Harris Teeter, Ralphs, Fred Meyer, Food 4 Less, Frys, King Soopers, Smiths, Dillons, Jay C, QFC and City Market. According to The (Kroger Co. SWOT Analysis, 2015), the companyRead MoreWhole Foods Market Financial Findings3573 Words   |  15 Pages| Whole foods Market | Financial Findings | Table of contents: Summary of Operations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3-4 Financial position†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4-6 Financial ratios†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...6-10 Historical view of the financial performance†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....11-13 Industry comparison†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.14-15 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..16 Appendix†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦16-28 (Investopedia) (Investopedia) (Yahoo Finance) II. SummaryRead MoreWhole Foods Individual Case, Financial Analysis1550 Words   |  7 Pagesorder to perform financial analysis on Whole Foods Market Inc and its competitor Safeway Inc. This in depth report is both to determine which company is doing financially better and how also how they are doing comparing them to their whole industry. The ratios in this report are going to be used to compare WF to its competitior and also to compare its financial performances to the whole Grocery store industry (SIC: 5411) to see how Whole Foods Inc is doing in regards to the whole industry. It isRead MoreWild Oats Swot1983 Words   |  8 PagesSWOT ANALYSIS A SWOT analysis is a top-level evaluation of a company’s internal strengths and weaknesses; and opportunities and threats that are external to the company, but apply to the industry as a whole. Here, we provide a brief background summary as well as present team Third Shift’s SWOT Analysis for Whole Foods Market, Inc. Whole Foods Market, Inc. (Whole Foods Market) owns and operates a chain of natural and organic foods supermarkets. As of September 30, 2007, the company operatedRead MoreWhole Food Markets Case2003 Words   |  9 PagesCase Analysis – Whole Foods Market Comfy Shoes Don Meador, Mike Britton, Paige Phillips, Andrew Howery I. II. Introduction: By 2006, Whole Foods Market had evolved into the â€Å"world’s largest retail chain of natural and organic foods supermarkets.† Their rapid growth and success is primarily due to being highly selective about what they sell, as well as being dedicated quality standards and core values. Whole Food’s stated mission statement was to â€Å"promote vitality and well-being for allRead MoreEssay about Whole Foods Market16819 Words   |  68 Pages[pic] Business Policy and Strategic Management Spring 2009 Team C TABLE OF CONTENTS Section 1: Case Study of Whole Foods 1 1.1 Historical Background 1 1.2 Organization Mission 1 1.3 The External Environment 2 1.3.1 Remote Environment 2 1.3.2 Industry Environment 3 1.3.3 Operating Environment 3 1.4 The Internal Environment 4 1.5 Generic Strategy 4 1.6 Long-Term Objectives 5 1.7 Grand Strategies 6 1.8 Short-Term Objectives 6 1.9 Functional TacticsRead MoreEssay on Sprouts Financial Analysis5188 Words   |  21 PagesFinancial Statement Analysis Project Sprouts Farmer Markets vs Whole Foods Financial Accounting and Reporting ACTG 4610 August 10, 2015 Table of Contents 1. Background of Sprouts Farmers Market 3 1.1 Description of the company and its business 3 1.2 Business Environment 3 2. Income Statement 4 2.1 Major Sources of Operating Revenues and Revenue Recognition Method 4 2.2 Major Types of Operating Expenses 5 2.3 Significant changes in operating

Cold War in Guatemala Free Essays

Guatemala is known for being one of the most dangerous countries in Central America; nevertheless, it is not its fault that it is the way it is. During the Cold War there were many factors involved and many events that led to the Guatemala of today. It all began with the election of Colonel Arbenz during the â€Å"Ten Years of Springtime† which ended because President Eisenhower was influenced by his connections to Guatemala?s â€Å"state within a state,† (TWT) the United Fruit Company. We will write a custom essay sample on Cold War in Guatemala or any similar topic only for you Order Now His decision disrupted a prosperous time for the country and created a dictatorship that gave birth to an army that caused a civil war which lasted over thirty years. Followed by a genocide that has the worst human rights record; it marked the beginning of a totally different Central American country that is now scarred and has not yet fully recovered from this disastrous event. Sometimes actions are committed for the right reasons but in a wrong way; the United States did exactly that. They changed an entire nation for their own interest by having most of the country under the control of an American-owned business, and ended up destroying it slowly and painfully with the result of a genocide and a thirty-year civil war. On the other hand, the Soviet Union only stood aside and let the country’s communism be taken over. From 1945 to late 1954 there was a time of prosperity in Guatemala known as the â€Å"Ten Years of Springtime. † Juan Jose Arevalo, who was the president at this time, began the period of enlightenment by establishing the nation?s security system and health system. He also created a government bureau â€Å"to look at Mayan concerns† (TWT). He was followed by Colonel Jacobo Arbenz Guzman who won the elections of 1951. During this time, most of the land in Guatemala was controlled by the United Fruit Company which was an American-owned company that directed the other two big enterprises in the country, the International Railway of Central America and Empress Electrica. Statistically speaking, seventy percent of the farm laborers and arable land were run by two percent of the landowners. One hundred sixty thousand acres of this territory were uncultivated so Arbenz came up with a land reform to redistribute these pieces of land to peasants, letting them have individually owned small farms. The company was compensated but it still disagreed with the reform even though they did not lose much money. The United Fruit Company not only owned land though, it also owned the telegraph and telephone system of the country and most of the railroad track; therefore, it was labeled the â€Å"state within a state† (TWT). Connections between this huge enterprise and the United States’ government were really close, especially since so many members of both organizations had personal relationships with one another (TWT). This was the initial push towards American involvement in Guatemala. What actually convinced President Eisenhower to step in, was when â€Å"Nicaragua’s president, Anastasio Somoza, solicited U. S. assistance to overthrow Arbenz† (Cold War Museum). The country was labeled â€Å"communist† and under this excuse, the containment policy was put to action. Aid was sent to the Guatemalan Army, including CIA planes and a CIA army. Jacobo Arbenz Guzman was overthrown and fled to Cuba (TWT). After the intervention, Colonel Castillo Armas became the new president after being chosen by the United States, â€Å"ensuring the promotion of American interests in Guatemala† (Cold War Museum). The â€Å"Springtime† was over. After Armas, a succession of military dictatorships followed but, the economy of the country began to drop and the gap between rich and poor just got wider; guerrilla groups were beginning to appear. Since the 1960s, the CIA created links with the Guatemalan Army unit, also called the G-2, which killed thousands of Guatemalan civilians by having their own â€Å"torture centers and body dumps throughout Guatemala† (TWT). Public reports revealed that this army was the most repressive and in 1977, United States president Jimmy Carter cut off military aid (TWT). Argentina, Chile, and Israel continued to play a major role by supplying weapons, building munitions, and training the Guatemalan soldiers. A genocide, according to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, is â€Å"the deliberate and systematic destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group. † This event marked the 1980s for Guatemala. Violence was inevitable for the country, especially with an unstable government, a strong army, and a guerrilla group ready for a rebellion. The soldiers of the Guatemalan army called themselves a â€Å"killing machine† and they began a â€Å"systematic campaign of repression and suppression† (PPU) against the Mayan Indians, a guerrilla group that was part of the resistance. For two years, they were hunted down and murdered while the army’s perception of the Mayan communities only grew worse with time. Six hundred twenty-six villages were destroyed, or â€Å"disappeared†; children were beat against the walls and thrown down pits, men were tortured until death, and women were sexually abused and tortured at the same time. This became known as the â€Å"Silent Holocaust† (PPU). As a result, around 70,000 people died during this event and in the following years, from 1966 to 1990, an estimate of 200,000 murders occurred. There was almost a complete extermination of the Mayan communities (PPU). In 1986, â€Å"civilian rule and a new constitution were set up because, but the army held on its power because half a million Guatemalans were/are members of the army† (PPU). It took the Guatemalan leaders from both sides, the government and the resistance, five years to sign a peace agreement created by the United Nations to stop the thirty-year Civil War. In 1994, the United Nations set up a human rights monitor in Guatemala called MINUGUA (TWT). MINUGUA highlighted many cases of torture and murder and came to the conclusion that human rights are violated on a daily basis. Guatemala today is still standing on the hope of a peace agreement that is still in progress. This peace agreement would also represent â€Å"democratic leadership, rights for indigenous people and displaced communities, demilitarization, constitutional reforms, an end to impunity, a Truth Commission, political participation, and attention to socio- economic issues such as land reform† (TWT). The United States can help Guatemala by stopping the aid they continue giving to the army (TWT), by supporting political and economic reform, and ending the war they have against the Guatemalan people. Today, there are still investigators looking for those who survived the genocide or were a part of it to continue to bring justice to the Guatemalan people for their incredible loss of lives many years ago. For example, just recently, General Efrain Rios Montt, who ruled Guatemala from 1982 to 1983, was just convicted to eighty years of prison for the genocide of his people (CNN). This is the first step the country of Guatemala has taken to move on from its horrible past. As is obvious, the Guatemalan country suffered greatly with the Cold War because of all the problems it created. The United States aided this country because of the containment policy at first but ended up supporting the army that caused the genocide, and eventually creating a civil war that lasted thirty years. Guatemala is doing much better in modern days, but it still has not fully recovered from such events that occurred in the past, a huge scar was left behind. How to cite Cold War in Guatemala, Essays Cold War in Guatemala Free Essays Guatemala is known for being one of the most dangerous countries in Central America; nevertheless, it is not its fault that it is the way it is. During the Cold War there were many factors involved and many events that led to the Guatemala of today. It all began with the election of Colonel Arbenz during the â€Å"Ten Years of Springtime† which ended because President Eisenhower was influenced by his connections to Guatemala ´s â€Å"state within a state,† (TWT) the United Fruit Company. We will write a custom essay sample on Cold War in Guatemala or any similar topic only for you Order Now His decision disrupted a prosperous time for the country and created a dictatorship that gave birth to an army that caused a civil war which lasted over thirty years. Followed by a genocide that has the worst human rights record; it marked the beginning of a totally different Central American country that is now scarred and has not yet fully recovered from this disastrous event. Sometimes actions are committed for the right reasons but in a wrong way; the United States did exactly that. They changed an entire nation for their own interest by having most of the country under the control of an American-owned business, and ended up destroying it slowly and painfully with the result of a genocide and a thirty-year civil war. On the other hand, the Soviet Union only stood aside and let the country’s communism be taken over. From 1945 to late 1954 there was a time of prosperity in Guatemala known as the â€Å"Ten Years of Springtime. † Juan Josà © Arà ©valo, who was the president at this time, began the period of enlightenment by establishing the nation ´s security system and health system. He also created a government bureau â€Å"to look at Mayan concerns† (TWT). He was followed by Colonel Jacobo Arbenz Guzman who won the elections of 1951. During this time, most of the land in Guatemala was controlled by the United Fruit Company which was an American-owned company that directed the other two big enterprises in the country, the International Railway of Central America and Empress Electrica. Statistically speaking, seventy percent of the farm laborers and arable land were run by two percent of the landowners. One hundred sixty thousand acres of this territory were uncultivated so Arbenz came up with a land reform to redistribute these pieces of land to peasants, letting them have individually owned small farms. The company was compensated but it still disagreed with the reform even though they did not lose much money. The United Fruit Company not only owned land though, it also owned the telegraph and telephone system of the country and most of the railroad track; therefore, it was labeled the â€Å"state within a state† (TWT). Connections between this huge enterprise and the United States’ government were really close, especially since so many members of both organizations had personal relationships with one another (TWT). This was the initial push towards American involvement in Guatemala. What actually convinced President Eisenhower to step in, was when â€Å"Nicaragua’s president, Anastasio Somoza, solicited U. S. assistance to overthrow Arbenz† (Cold War Museum). The country was labeled â€Å"communist† and under this excuse, the containment policy was put to action. Aid was sent to the Guatemalan Army, including CIA planes and a CIA army. Jacobo Arbenz Guzman was overthrown and fled to Cuba (TWT). After the intervention, Colonel Castillo Armas became the new president after being chosen by the United States, â€Å"ensuring the promotion of American interests in Guatemala† (Cold War Museum). The â€Å"Springtime† was over. After Armas, a succession of military dictatorships followed but, the economy of the country began to drop and the gap between rich and poor just got wider; guerrilla groups were beginning to appear. Since the 1960s, the CIA created links with the Guatemalan Army unit, also called the G-2, which killed thousands of Guatemalan civilians by having their own â€Å"torture centers and body dumps throughout Guatemala† (TWT). Public reports revealed that this army was the most repressive and in 1977, United States president Jimmy Carter cut off military aid (TWT). Argentina, Chile, and Israel continued to play a major role by supplying weapons, building munitions, and training the Guatemalan soldiers. A genocide, according to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, is â€Å"the deliberate and systematic destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group. † This event marked the 1980s for Guatemala. Violence was inevitable for the country, especially with an unstable government, a strong army, and a guerrilla group ready for a rebellion. The soldiers of the Guatemalan army called themselves a â€Å"killing machine† and they began a â€Å"systematic campaign of repression and suppression† (PPU) against the Mayan Indians, a guerrilla group that was part of the resistance. For two years, they were hunted down and murdered while the army’s perception of the Mayan communities only grew worse with time. Six hundred twenty-six villages were destroyed, or â€Å"disappeared†; children were beat against the walls and thrown down pits, men were tortured until death, and women were sexually abused and tortured at the same time. This became known as the â€Å"Silent Holocaust† (PPU). As a result, around 70,000 people died during this event and in the following years, from 1966 to 1990, an estimate of 200,000 murders occurred. There was almost a complete extermination of the Mayan communities (PPU). In 1986, â€Å"civilian rule and a new constitution were set up because, but the army held on its power because half a million Guatemalans were/are members of the army† (PPU). It took the Guatemalan leaders from both sides, the government and the resistance, five years to sign a peace agreement created by the United Nations to stop the thirty-year Civil War. In 1994, the United Nations set up a human rights monitor in Guatemala called MINUGUA (TWT). MINUGUA highlighted many cases of torture and murder and came to the conclusion that human rights are violated on a daily basis. Guatemala today is still standing on the hope of a peace agreement that is still in progress. This peace agreement would also represent â€Å"democratic leadership, rights for indigenous people and displaced communities, demilitarization, constitutional reforms, an end to impunity, a Truth Commission, political participation, and attention to socio- economic issues such as land reform† (TWT). The United States can help Guatemala by stopping the aid they continue giving to the army (TWT), by supporting political and economic reform, and ending the war they have against the Guatemalan people. Today, there are still investigators looking for those who survived the genocide or were a part of it to continue to bring justice to the Guatemalan people for their incredible loss of lives many years ago. For example, just recently, General Efrain Rios Montt, who ruled Guatemala from 1982 to 1983, was just convicted to eighty years of prison for the genocide of his people (CNN). This is the first step the country of Guatemala has taken to move on from its horrible past. As is obvious, the Guatemalan country suffered greatly with the Cold War because of all the problems it created. The United States aided this country because of the containment policy at first but ended up supporting the army that caused the genocide, and eventually creating a civil war that lasted thirty years. Guatemala is doing much better in modern days, but it still has not fully recovered from such events that occurred in the past, a huge scar was left behind. How to cite Cold War in Guatemala, Essays

Adjustments in the Managerial Monetary †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Adjustments In The Managerial Monetary? Answer: Introduction In the contemporary period, the adjustments in the managerial, monetary, societal in addition to technological outline in which organizations function demand for the tractability of working events. Mobility within the workplace is regarded as the best method to manage the different categories of people with commanding feature of existing foundations. Mounting productive methods for tenderness of thoughts and ideals in workroom reflects as an obligatory measure in a professional or voluntary institute, as when such strategies are in force; it effects in augmented throughput, job satisfaction, an expansion in functioning welfare, and ultimately leads to grander forms of success and triumph in the realistic market locations (Anastasia, 2014). Managerial procedure In keeping with the viewing platform of Sainsburys trailblazer, Flexible prescriptions of active conditions remain as pulsating apparatus in marketing industry. The management needs momentous deliberations with persons no less than two times within a day regarding the drive of their operative times to receive the changeable business provisions (Cutler, 2014). What remains indispensable in these negotiations in actual fact is precisely effervescent concerning the why short of expressing the how. It is compulsory to follow the core of competitive improvement in consort with demographic as well as shared adjustments, globalization, and disparities in apparatuses and systems of scientific discernments, increasing volume of services (Dhanabhakyam and Umadevi, 2012). The outlying landscapes consist of the Economic or viable arrangements of assurance, innovative section of ladies in occupation, operating glitches, developed population in Australian and other regions in addition to the influence of Law of Service Act which pronounces the features of the strategies as regards bendable manners of working. Flexibility altitudes of practical schemes ascend as a measure of a nationwide development plan. At the managerial perspective it regulates to standardize what classes of agility should be essential to settle an incorporation of transformation, efficiency and operational assertion (Ford, 2014). Characteristics Flexibility shows a technique that serves the functional views to label by what means the physical effort is acknowledged and exactly how businesses are planned and measured. It stands as a severe concern to all-inclusive designs of organizational competency. Establishments such as CSL Limited present educative service and censorship, for dealing projects, and for responding to effective multiplicity. It organizes a changeable professional model with the consequence of Tractability as a combined scheduling for occupational and customer desires (Armstrong and Taylor, 2014). Assistance from the higher level is significant to obviously sketch popular drives. The legislatures rather than supervisors requires to instigate with a provisional period to appreciate if it roles Further than the previous centuries, research studies has disclosed that flexibility might similarly increase employee obligation and collection, along with occupational success and reduce the phase of stress in the office. A number of the leading determinations of staffing stand to prize an uncountable number of appropriate applicants for forsaken situations (McClelland, 2014). Modern educations have exposed that at present, the remarkably knowledgeable interviewees assume for working at institutions which may massively influence on the facets of ups and downs in the process of devices of a convention of profitable events, such as, the legal possessions, assistances, undertakings and facts Such formations are dignified as flexible, besides safeguard the upgrading of perfection substantially plus painlessly to tireless and unexpected variations in the specialized circumstances (Lee et al. 2014). In line with the instigation of Manzoor (2011), there is immeasurable multiplicity of bendable operational resolutions. They entail of diverse working designs for instance: Flexible operative period In this procedure the peoples total working days happen at diverse stages throughout a period, say, the participants accepts when he/she must choose for exertion in the daytimes, or agree at the noon or afternoon on the situation that the employee achieves for the amount of time enumerated in the arrangement (Mazenod, 2013). Flexible operational times In this alignment a member of staffs intact figure of functional hours has wide-ranging patterns. Flexible vocation This procedure comprises the employees to have interruptions or leave of absence amid their career or pleasing for a definite extent of nonappearance in the concern, though the workforces stands as the staffs at the specific institution (McShane and Von Glinow, 2014). Flexible Situation In this settlement employees are endorsed to work in additional spaces ahead of their offices, legally responsible on the specialized task. Consistent with the investigation of a survey explosion, most employees at KPMG, exclusive of the gigantic accountancy establishments, compacted up to sweat for a four-day each week or to vintage a vacation on concise remuneration if important, such that the association could evade great engagement cuts. The Financial Times printing paper gifted a surplus week or auxiliary discontinuities to the associates at 30% of reimbursement. Honda sealed its Swindon carriage workspace for a length of four months. As soon as the employees resumed, they accepted reduced salaries along with time of working criteria. Legal concern Norton Rose entreated the workforces to settle to function 4-dafour-day weeks or else continue with dispensation on shortened compensation to avoid troubles of service. Maximum of the workers agreed, and hundreds proceeded to have reduced duration (Schmitt, 2012). Welfares and consequences Recompenses for workforces augment to accept incompetent technique of life expectancy with higher sense of independent appliance that circumvents topmost interlude of break. Realizations for owner hints to valuable encouragement and invention with developed proficiency which endeavours to bring about distinctions of work-related request. It regulates to bid staffing for longer than the normal day globally sociable prosperities combined with the concentrated budget of staff preservation and preparation. (Sousa et al. 2012). A flexible workroom slashes the pressure formed by enragement to come across their livelihood and domiciliary obligations concurrently. Suppleness permits them to develop a greater understanding of contentment, and fastness that weakens the essence of nonattendance. It empowers to tie the operational possessions and burdens of outputs and consumers and results to grander incomes over and above a bigger market share, characteristically to the meticulousness and persistence of its employees. IBM places amongst the nominated business clusters in virtually every market in which it arrives. Its market segment nevertheless fell in 1990; that developed with motivating strength of high-ranking directors to contest with Apple and Dell, Siemens and further Software as well as computer companies fetching higher scopes of employees as in Compaq in addition to superb international enterprises (Saunila et al. 2014). According to Atkinson's stretchy nature of representation of perfectionism an amalgamation of concrete, scientific and commercial submissiveness affects the operational system with the workforce that includes essential and out-of-the-way workers, above and beyond a collection of supplementary marginal employees who do not fit in the purposeful division and merely give their rudimentary or necessary services (Atkinson 1984) Figure: Atkinson's flexible pattern of demonstration of model (Source: Atkinson, 1984) It transmits the core assemblage to encircle full-time staffs to device the vibrant activities and everyday jobs of the occupational purpose. There exist two remote assortments beside the core staffs- the first outline own perpetual resolutions, however require fewer occupational projections over and above fewer engagement assurances. The subsequent class shields freelance teams, job sharers, or employees concentrated on temporary arrangements (Atkinson 1984). Encounters Throughout a state's recession; the distant personnel are at superior option of being curtailed or dismissed from the workplace, since the extensively held associates have impermanent arrangements and rarer beginnings while the fundamental workforces own an additional confident state of affairs. The superintendents have exceptionally reviewed the trials of connecting the essential employees with knowledgeable, bendable workers, on top of the strangers with unreserved and inflexible employees (Schmitt, 2012). They have recognized that such exertions are discreetly too candid, to some extent being sophisticated. Additionally, there is additional inhibition of dual status. Conclusion Flexibility concocts a very substantial measure when developing workplace methods and comprehending the long-lasting purposes of a business. International and local economical pressures; important commercial actions and methodical distinctions ensure all approved businesses to express at greater devices of impressionability and capability, not to specify the strategies concentrated on renovation and awareness succeeding the poignant market situations. References Anastasia, P. (2014) 'European Judicial Training: Promoting The Development Of Standardised Training Materials And An Interactive Training Methodology'. ERA Forum 15(3), pp. 319-324. Armstrong, M and Taylor, S. (2014) Armstrong's Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice. 13th ed. London: Kogan Page Limited Atkinson J. (1984) Manpower Strategies for Flexible Organisations., Personnel Management, vol. 16, no. 8: 28-31 Dr. M. Dhanabhakyam, D. and R. Umadevi, R. (2012) "Perception Analysis On Employees Motivation Techniques". International Journal of Scientific Research 1 (1), 70-73 Ford, J. (2014) Improving Training Effectiveness In Work Organizations. 1st edn. Psychology Press Lee, L., Tong, E. and Sim, D. (2015) "The Dual Upward Spirals Of Gratitude And Basic Psychological Needs.". Motivation Science 1 (2), 87-97 Manzoor, Q. (2011) "Impact Of Employees Motivation On Organizational Effectiveness". Business Management and Strategy 3 (1) Mazenod, A. (2013) Engaging Employers In Workplace Training - Lessons From The English Train To Gain Programme. International Journal of Training and Development 18(1), 53-65 McClelland, K. (2014) "Cycles Of Conflict". Sociological Theory 32 (2), 100-127 McShane, S. and Von Glinow, M. (2014) Organizational Behavior. 1st edn. New York: Mcgraw-Hill/Irwin Saunila, M., Pekkola, S., and Juhani U. (2014) 'The Relationship Between Innovation Capability And Performance'. Int J Productivity and Perf Mgmt 63(2), pp. 234-249 Schmitt, N. (2012) The Oxford Handbook of Personnel Assessment and Selection, Oxford: Oxford University Press Sousa, C, Filipe Coelho,C., and Guillamon, E. (2012) Personal Values, Autonomy, And Self-Efficacy: Evidence From Frontline Service Employees. Int J Select Assess 20(2), 159-170.

Voodoo Essays - Vodou, Afro-American Religion,

Voodoo When I was first assigned this research paper on Voodoo, the first thing I thought of was Voodoo dolls, zombies, and evil magic. I think Voodoo is an evil religion which sacrifices humans as well as animals to demonic gods. I think it has been around for thousands of years, but is little left today. I believe that Voodoo is nothing but evil and the work of the devil. Voodoo originated in Western Africa by the Yoruba tribe. The Yoruba religion has about four hundred lesser gods called Orisa. This is not the actual Voodoo religion as we know it today, but plays an important role in it. Voodoo believes that the Grand Master or God rules over all things, but pays no attention to human affairs. This is why they believe in lower spirits or Loa to whom they worship and make sacrifices to(Belgum 14-28). When the slave trade started, people of the Yoruba tribe were captured and brought over as slaves. when the slaves arrived, they were baptized into the Catholic religion. The slaves continued to practice their native religion in secret which over time was mixed with Catholicism to create the Voodoo that we know today (Introduction 1). Over sixty-million people still continue to practice Voodoo worldwide (Vodun 1). The main center of Voodoo in the United States is New Orleans (3). About fifteen percent of New Orleans practices (Voodoo 1). The Voodoo religion contacts the spiritual worked Quite frequently. They believe that spirits help people in all that they do (Belgum 30-1). The Voodoo religion believes that true communion comes only through possession of the body by a Loa or spirit. Possession is very common during rituals for it is how the Loa give instructions to or help the people. They believe they get possessed for certain reasons. Such things as protection, cures from illness, or even to give warning to an individual or to the whole community of worshipers (Possession 1). When a person gets possessed, they show struggle moving and jumping around like crazy people. Then all of a sudden they go blank and motionless. They then come out of that trance a totally different person. While a person is possessed all bodily functions and gestures take the form of the Loa which possesses the body. While the Loa possesses the body it will often smoke, drink alcohol, and eat. These are all things that it is usually not capable of doing unless in a human body. They are also known to eat orwalk on fire and will show no marks on their body afterwards. The possessed person shows great strength and is known to toss things as well as people around. The possessed will have a totally different voice, facial expressions, etc.... After the possession, the person has no remembrance of what happened and therefore cannot be held responsible for what they did while being possessed (Possession 1-2). Voodoo rituals play an important role in the religion. Since practicers believe that human and Loa depend upon one another, they hold many rituals to make contact with the spirits through a very special process. Rituals can be held for many different reasons. Rituals can be held to celebrate a special event in the lives of a family or a community, in bad times for guidance from the Loa, for healing of an illness or a disability, births, weddings, and deaths (Vodun 2-3). There are two different types of voodoo rituals: Rada and Petro. Both are exactly the same except for the type of Loa they are addressing and for the purpose of the ritual (Basic 1). All rituals are held at a hounfour or a temple (Belgum 37). All rituals are began by the houngan asking Legba, the Loa of the gate, to open it. After the opening, water is sprinkled throughout important places in the hounfour (Basic 1-2), especially at the center where the poteau-mitin is located. It is a pole where the people communicate with the loas and God (Vodun 3). The drum or tambula (Mysteries 1) begins to beat. A veve, or pattern of flour is made on the floor in a design of one of the Loa (Vodun 3). The Houngan then calls the Loa by striking the veve or calling upon it with the use of magical words (Basic 4). Chanting begins along with prayers (2), one of the most common being the prayer of life and death which reads: "Earth, while I am yet alive, It is upon you that I put my

Police Patrolling Methods

Police Patrolling Methods Free Online Research Papers Policing is an integral part of all civilized societies. For a society to be maintain peace and order the police must have demonstrate effective patrol. Over the years many departments face the same dilemma; how to effectively and efficiently patrol force while maintaining the safest working conditions possible for its officers. There have been several studies conducted in order to find the most effective patrol methods and crime prevention strategies. Several operational studies have been conducted within the Kansas City Police Department, the most well known being the Kansas City Preventative Patrol Experiment which was conducted between 1972 and 1973 by the Kansas City Police Department. The experiment tested the assumption that the likelihood of a crime being committed could be reduced by the presence (or potential presence) of uniformed officers in marked cars. It was also the first study to demonstrate that research into the effectiveness of different policing styles could be carried out responsibly, ethically, and safely. Another internal study conducted by the Kansas City Police Department was their Strategic and Target Oriented Plan, conducted in the late 1970’s and early 1980’s, which attempted to produce the most effective workload and patrol strategies to combat the rise the almost 40% increase in Part I offenses. In the early 1990s the Kansas City Police Department conducted another study, the officers were told to proactively patrol neighborhoods with an emphasis on seizing illegal firearms. The officers did this by increasing traffic patrol. A follow up study was conducted in 1995 in order to gauge public opinion of the experiment. In the 1950s Stanley Schrotel published a paper detailing the pros and cons of foot patrol vs. motorized patrol. Studies have also been conducted involving the effectiveness of one-man vs. two-man police patrol cars, the most notable by Frank Day. Studies of one vs. two man police patrol cars have also been conducted in New York, San Diego and Kansas C ity. Kansas City Police Department The first of the Kansas City Police Department evaluations is the Preventative Patrol Experiment. The department wanted to test whether the likelihood of a crime being committed could be thwarted by the presence of the likelihood of a police patrol being present. The experiment was designed to study the impact routine police patrol had on the incidence of crime, the public’s reaction to police patrol and the public’s fear of crime. Three controlled levels of preventative patrol were used; â€Å"reactive† and area which received no preventative patrol, â€Å"proactive† in which police visibility was increases two to three times the usual, and â€Å"control† an area where police patrol activities remained normal. (Brown, Dieckman, Kelling, Pate 1974;7) The study utilized 15 beats evenly divided among the three study variables. (Brown et al 8) Findings were produced on the effect the experimental conditions had on the types of crimes (burglary, auto t heft, larceny-theft of auto accessories, robbery, and vandalism) traditionally considered to be deterrable through preventative patrol. (Brown et al 1974;9) The study revealed that the three experimental patrol areas used had no significant impact in the level of crime, citizen’s attitude toward police patrol, citizen’s fear of crime, or officer response time. The study did however show that officer’s non committed time (60% in the experiment) could be used for purposes other than routine patrol without a negative impact on public safety. (Brown et al1974;vii) Between 1978 and 1981 the department conducted â€Å"Strategic and Target Oriented Patrol Plan† experiment. Fiscal stress was very high in Kansas City as was the rate of Part I crimes being committed, which made the department look for a way to meet their obligations with existing resources. The â€Å"ten-plan† was the first response to the dilemma, it attempted to compensate for lack of patrol by applying an overlap of personnel during peak workload hours. (Caron, Curtin 1984:252) The goal of the â€Å"ten-plan† was not achieved due to the continuing increase of calls for service. Next the department decided to reorganize the beats in order to best meet demands while distributing work evenly throughout the area. The plan called for 65 percent call for service commitment level, which means that if 65 percent of an officer’s time was used was used in a particular beat during a particular shift then he would be assigned full time to that beat while the othe r 33 percent of his time would be used random patrol, administrative activity, etc†¦ (Caron 1984:255) The department also aimed to reevaluate its patrol strategy to allow field officers to handle calls for service and report duties effectively while allowing for proactive attacks on specific crime problems. The department reviewed several alternative patrol strategies. Two concepts emerged as primary alternatives to existing protocols, which were deemed ineffective by the Preventative Patrol Experiment, police specialist and sector-planning. The police specialist concept divided the patrol in two teams, â€Å"A† and â€Å"B†. Team â€Å"A† consisted of single officer cars dispatched to prepare reports arising out of service calls, while also being available to handle emergency calls. Team â€Å"B† consisted of one or two officer cars dispatched to handle calls for service to events in progress. Sector planning grouped beats together with near to equal workloads and a sector sergeant deployed officers to these areas based on monthly crime trends. (Caron 1984:257) The new strategy was named the â€Å"Strategic and Target Oriented Patrol† (or S.T.O.P). After six months of operation the study found that, with few exceptions, the plan resulted in a timely response to peak-hour calls for service there was also a more th an 10 percent drop in Part I offenses. Supervisors were also able to measure individual officer performance. In the early 1990’s the department aimed to locate and seize illegal firearms by using directed patrol. The strategy looked to utilize officers who were free from responding to calls for service and directed them to use aggressive means of traffic enforcement in high crime areas in order to seize firearms. The strategy produced striking results. The increase in traffic enforcement led to an astonishing 65 percent increase in the seizure of illegal firearms and a 50 percent decrease in gun-related crime. (Chermak, McGarrell, Weiss, Wilson 2001:119) In 1995 a follow up study was conducted in order to gauge public opinion about the gun control strategy. According to surveys the public thought the police did not show discrimination or show aggression in any manner towards the citizens they stopped, while observing a high level of legality in their basis for stopping the individuals. It also showed the patrol did not increase community tension and was supported in advance and in r esults by the majority of citizens interviewed. One group who was not surveyed was the offenders who were stopped by police and their illegal firearm seized. It was also found that nearly 1/3 of offenders who were arrested did not live in the Kansas City area. (Shaw 1995;708) The multiple experiments conducted by the Kansas City Police Department provide very useful strategies that could be employed by other departments across the country and even the world to efficiently operate. Foot Patrol vs. Motorized Patrol Foot patrol is performed almost always by uniformed officers on foot, while in some larger cities it is performed by mounted police and in some cases on bicycles. (Schrotel 1954:46) The rationale behind foot patrol was to engage the officer in a friendly relationship with his clientele. Foot patrol however has no guarantee that the desired relationship will be forthcoming, while imposing definite limitations on the effectiveness of the officer’s area served and quality of service. (Schrotel 1954:47) Fatigue is another serious limitation of foot patrol, once the officer arrives on the scene he me be, â€Å"out of breath or ill prepared for an arduous effort.† (Schrotel 1954:48) Schrotel also details the advantages of motorized patrol over foot patrol. He states motorized patrol amplifies the power of police patrol through superior mobility, maneuverability, and speed of movement. While used in conjunction with advanced communication, motorized patrol is the most effecti ve method. (Schrotel 1954:49) One Man vs. Two Man Patrol In 1977 the San Diego Police Department decided to study the effectiveness of one and two man police patrol cars. The study used stratified sampling which considered the patrol area, watch, and former staffing to select 44 patrol units, and assigned half to two man patrols and the other half to one man patrols. The overall performance of both groups pertaining to type and frequency of calls for service activities and officer initiated activities proved to be about equal. (Boydstun, Moelter, Sherry 1977:5) The study had concluded with several findings. The overall efficiency of one officer patrol units clearly exceeded that of two unit patrols even though single officer patrols required more backup support. The study also found that two officer units required less time to service calls than one officer units, but the relative time savings per minute was not enough to offset the overall cost per minute. One officer patrols seems to have an advantage in safety over two officer patrols, with an equivalent amount of exposure one officer patrols experienced less involvement in resisting arrest and equal involvement in assault on officers and other officer injuries. (Boydstun et al 1977:6) Frank Day conducted a study of police departments around the country in regards to one vs. two man patrols. He found one man patrols are more economically sound, cover a wider area effectively, provided more efficient officer performance, and enhanced safety with proper training. The only disadvantage is securing the investment to purchase and equip more cars, and training officers to transition to one man patrols. (1956:704-706) Kansas City Police Department attempted to recreate the results of the San Diego experiment within their own department while also attempting to expand its findings. The Kansas City Department found that two officer cars responded faster to calls but explains that the reason for this is due to the fact that one officer cars need to wait for backup. It is well known however that officers do not always wait for backup. The study also concluded that two one officer cars respond more rapidly than one single officer car. (Kessler 1985:58-60) New York City also wanted to test the feasibility of using one man patrol cars. The study found that an equivalent response time could be reached with one man patrols. This study however should be considered tentative because of the limited data available for NY’s two man patrol. The study also failed to account for an overbearing workload on the dispatchers being able to contact a patrol and send them a call for service. (Green 1984;970) Research Papers on Police Patrolling MethodsThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Fifth HorsemanEffects of Television Violence on Children19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesTwilight of the UAWResearch Process Part OneIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalOpen Architechture a white paperThe Effects of Illegal Immigration

A considerate of contemporary management function Essay Example for Free

A considerate of contemporary management function Essay ? A considerate of contemporary management function of the employer-employee relationship The six journal articles that have been looked at stem from the original Locke, (1982) article. Frederick W. Taylor popularised of scientific management. The essay will discuss 5 aspects of Taylor’s ideas about scientific management and show how understandings of contemporary management functions and the employer-employee relationship have been developed from Taylor’s ideas. What was Taylor’s idea about the management? Management involves coordinating and overseeing the work activities of others so that their activities are completed efficiently and effectively. The ideas about the relationship between employer and employee have been developed from a nother. Retain critical employees is important and necessary. According to the Fitz-enz(1997), the company average losses 1 million with every 10 people who is the managerial and professional employees. In addition, the total cost of least a former employee at least a year of wages and benefits, up to two years of unpaid salary and benefits. This is a huge economic loss with a company loses a number of critical employees. As a manager, we must give employees adequate physiological, safety, love, esteem. One of the advice is managers should look into a way to motivate employees to achieve a satisfactory and unmet needs through activities and exercises. Managers have a responsibility to create a suitable environment to inspire employees to their fullest potential. If no such right environment, will lead to a big difference such as lower job satisfaction, lower productivity, lower profit with a company. How to effectively improve the relationship between managers and employees? Taylor given 4 methods. (a) Scientific management: In Principles of Scientific Management (1911)Fredrick Winslow Taylor, the â€Å"Father† of scientific management utilises scientific methods to define th e â€Å"one best way† for a job to be done (b) Scientific selections. Taylor advocated selecting only â€Å"first class†(i.e., high aptitude) men for a given job because their productivity would be several times greater than that of the average man. (c) Money bonus. Taylor claimed that the money is what employees want most, he thinks employees should be paid from 30% to 100% higher wages for to do his job. (d) Management responsibility for training. Taylor thought that most contemporary managers should fully accept the notion that training new employees is their responsibility. My understanding about the  employer-employee relationship has also been shaped by these articles. I have learnt that (1) Scientific management can focus speed of production, low cost production and availability of an unskilled workforce. In addition, today’s use of scientific management can use time and motion studies to increase productivity, hire the best qualified employees and design incentive systems based on output. Equity theory is a theory of social comp arison effect on employees. This theory appears to be very common, but it is very important. Equity theory refers to the rate of employees with their work output and input compared with others. Time input includes the time of the work, work habits, work experience, work attitude, and so on. When they found unfair, they usually can’t change the rate of others, can’t change their input, so employees will find ways to change their output. This may mean that they will reduce their work time or effort to work. Then, the manager can use the equity theory to motivate employees. Managers can use a more open system of remuneration paid for employees to understand each position and every effort should position relative to how much salary can be get. (2) Scientific selections: Everybody have their own good aspects, based on each person strengths and rational allocation of work. As a result, not only can bring effectively produce but also can make person enjoy their work. According to the Wren (1979) notes that Taylor focuses on scientific selection can promote the develop ment of industrial psychology and personnel management and other areas. (3) Money bonus: How to influence people? The most common method is money bonus. Such as up wages, bonuses, benefits. These things are the most effective way to influence the work of passion and power of a work. Through the Vroom’s (1946) expectancy theory, we can find that an employee will play his better efforts when he is convinced that his efforts would be better evaluated. And these evaluations will bring him more rewards such as bonuses, salary increases. These rewards will meet staff personal goals. Individual employee attitudes and enthusiasm in their work will determine to a large extent a company’s performance. According to the Porter (1968) and Lawler’s expectancy model of motivation, this model proposes two factors that determine spending on a number of tasks energy. The first is the personal rewards from work to get. These returns will be the psychological perception of employees is their own work to be sure. The second is that these returns will be formed job satisfaction. (4) Management  responsibility for training: The staff training is an essential element of human resource management. Managers can’t ignore their training responsibilities. Understanding management system in staff training in this area can help you build an effective training system to help you prepare new employees for their work To sum up, from the six articles considered, scientific management can not only getting the most output from the least amount of inputs but also focus on those work activities that will help the company reach its goals. Taylor’s idea has shaped modern employer-employee relationships. Work is still specialised, personal are still trained. The quality of work is still rewarded in bonuses, as well as other. Reference: 1.Three chapters in The Ideas of Frederick W Taylor: An Evaluation’. 2.Wren, D. A. The evolution of management thought (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley, 1979. 3.Towards a unified model of employee motivation / Darren J. Elding, Andrew M. Tobias and David S. Walk [Chichester, West Sussex, England] : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2006 4.Kotter, John P. What effective general managers really do / John P. Kotter Boston [etc.] : Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, 1982 5.Managing in the new millennium : understanding the manager’s motivational tool bag / Patricia M. Buhl Burlington, Iowa, etc., National Research Bureau, etc.], 2003 6.A review of employee motivation theories and their implications for employee retention within organiz Hollywood, FL : Journal of American Academy of Business, 2004 A considerate of contemporary management function. (2016, Mar 24).